China

Cinnabar is one of China's oldest pigments, used for pottery decoration since the Neolithic Age. After Qin Shi Huang unified China, cinnabar became the standard color for official seals, giving rise to the term "vermillion brush" for imperial decrees.

Moon White was one of the Song Dynasty's most elegant colors. Emperor Huizong reportedly dreamed of the sky after rain and ordered Ru kiln artisans to create this faintly blue-tinted white glaze, embodying the Song aesthetic of subtle beauty.

"After rain, the sky clears—make this color for me." This legendary quote from Emperor Huizong describes Ru kiln's Sky Cyan. Using agate in the glaze, Ru ware achieves a jade-like blue that shifts subtly with light. Only ~70 pieces survive, each priceless.

Purple held special status in Chinese history. The "Purple Star" was the emperor's star, and the "Purple Forbidden City" the imperial palace. Duke Huan of Qi loved purple so much that the entire nation wore it, making purple silk five times more expensive than white.

Cobalt Blue is China's most globally influential color. In the Yuan Dynasty, Persian cobalt met Jingdezhen porcelain clay, creating stunning blue-and-white ware that spread along the Maritime Silk Road. A Yuan Dynasty blue-and-white jar sold for ¥230 million in 2005.

Deep Crimson was one of ancient China's most precious colors. The Han Dynasty restricted crimson robes to the Three Ducal Ministers. The term "crimson lips" from Jin Dynasty poetry became a classic image of feminine beauty.

Pink Red was named for its popularity among imperial concubines. Safflower was one of the most precious dyes in the Han Dynasty court. According to "Tiangong Kaiwu", safflower-dyed silk was worth its weight in gold.

Imperial Yellow was the exclusive color of Chinese emperors. Since Tang Dynasty founder Li Yuan, yellow became imperial. Zhao Kuangyin was draped in yellow at Chenqiao, founding the Song Dynasty. The Qing restricted bright yellow to the emperor, empress, and dowager. The Forbidden City's yellow roof tiles symbolize imperial centrality.

Auspicious Green originates from Ming and Qing court palettes, named after "lu" meaning prosperity. In Five Elements theory, green corresponds to the east and wood element. Emperor Qianlong particularly favored this color for imperial gifts.

Rouge is one of China's oldest cosmetics. The Xiongnu people first made rouge from safflower, introduced to China by Zhang Qian's western mission. Tang Dynasty women applied rouge broadly across their cheeks. Yang Guifei's "sweat-tinted color" became a famous beauty anecdote.

Bamboo Green comes from the skin of fresh bamboo. In Chinese culture, bamboo is one of the "Four Gentlemen," symbolizing nobility, modesty, and resilience. Su Shi's famous line "Rather eat without meat than live without bamboo" captures scholars' love for bamboo.

Dai Black is a deep blue-black. Women used dai stone for eyebrow painting, making "dai brows" synonymous with beauty. Lin Daiyu in "Dream of the Red Chamber" is named for this color—her brows like distant mountains in dai haze, suggesting her melancholic elegance.

Lotus Pink, the pale purple of lotus root, was a favorite of Qing Dynasty court women. Empress Dowager Cixi particularly loved it for her casual wear and furnishings. As a non-primary color, it was free from rank restrictions, allowing personal expression.